Type of wall
|
Amount required per m² wall
|
11.5cm brickwall
|
0.25m³
|
22.2cm brickwall
|
0.51 m³
|
10cm sand-cement block wall
|
0.008m³
|
15cm sand-cement block wall
|
0.01 1m³
|
20cm sand-cement block wall
|
0.015m³
|
CANSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
Monday, September 7, 2015
Mortar Required for Various Types of Walls
Materials Required per Cubic Meter of Mortar
Type
|
Cement bags
|
Lime kg
|
Sand m³
|
Cement mortar 1 :5
|
6.0
|
-
|
1.1
|
Compo mortar 1:1:6
|
5.0
|
100.0
|
1.1
|
Compo mortar 1:2:9
|
3.3
|
13.5
|
1.1
|
Compo mortar 1:8
|
3.7
|
-
|
1.1
|
Compo mortar 1:3:12
|
2.5
|
150.0
|
1.1
|
Lime mortar 1:3
|
-
|
200.0
|
1.1
|
Mortar
Mortar is a plastic
mixture of water and binding materials used to join concrete blocks, bricks or
other masonry units.
It is desirable for
mortar to hold moisture, be plastic enough to stick to the trowel and the
blocks or bricks and finally to develop adequate strength without cracking.
Mortar need not be
stronger than the units it joins. In fact cracks are more likely to appear in
the blocks or bricks if the mortar is excessively strong.
There are several types
of mortars each suitable for particular applications and of varying costs. Most
of these mortars include sand as an ingredient. In all cases the sand should be
clean, free of organic material, be well graded (a variety of sizes) and not
exceed 3mm of silt in the sedimentation test. In most cases, particle size
should not exceed 3mm as the mortar will be "harsh" and difficult to
work with.
Lime mortar is typically
mixed 1 part lime to 3 of sand. Two types of lime are available. Hydraulic lime
hardens quickly and should be used within an hour. It is suitable for both
above and below ground applications. Non-hydraulic lime requires air to harden
and can only be used above ground. If smoothed off while standing, a pile of
this type of lime mortar can be stored for several days.
Cement mortar is
stronger and more waterproof than line mortar, but is difficult to work with
because it is not 'fat' or plastic and falls away from the blocks or bricks
during placement. In addition, cement mortar is more costly than other types.
Consequently it is used in only a few applications such as a damp-proof course
or in some limited areas where heavy loads are expected. A 1:3 mix using fine
sand is usually required to get adequate plasticity.
Compo mortar is made
with cement, lime and sand. In some localities a 50:50 cement-lime mix is sold
as mortar cement. The addition of the lime reduces the cost and improves the
workability. A 1:2:9, cement-lime-sand mix is suitable for general purposes,
while a 1:1:6 is better for exposed surfaces and a 1:3:12 can be used for
interior walls or stone walls where the extra plasticity is helpful.
Mortar can also be made
using pozzolana, bitumen, cutback or soil. A 1:2:9 lime-pozzolana-sand mortar
about equals a 1:6 cement-sand mortar. Adobe and stabilizedsoil blocks are
often laid in a mortar of the same composition as the blocks.
Tables 3.16 and 3.17
provide information on the materials required for a cubic metre of various
mortars and the amount of mortar per square meter for several building units.
Starting with cement
mortar, strength decreases with each type, although ability to accommodate
movement increases.
Sunday, September 6, 2015
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete is strong in
compression but relatively weak in tension. The underside of a loaded beam,
such as a lintel over a door, is in tension.
Concrete subject to
tension loading must be reinforced with steel bars or mesh. The amount and type
of reinforcement should be carefully calculated or alternatively, a standard
design obtained from a reliable source should be followed without variation.
Important factors relative
to reinforced concrete:
- 1 The steel bars should be cleaned of rust and dirt
before they are placed.
- 2 In order to obtain good adhesion between the concrete
and the steel bars, the bars should be overlapped where they join by at
least forty times the diameter. When plain bars are used the ends of the
bars must be hooked.
- 3 The reinforcement bars should be tied together well
and supported so they won't move when concrete is placed and compacted.
- 4 The steel bars must be in the tensile zone and
covered with concrete to a thickness of three times the diameter or by at
least 25mm to protect them from water and air which causes rusting.
- 5 The concrete must be well compacted around the bars.
6 Concrete should be at least C20 or 1:2:4 nominal mix and have a maximum
aggregate size of 20mm.
Concrete floors are
sometimes reinforced with welded steel mesh or chicken wire, placed 25mm from
the upper surface of the concrete, to limit the size of any cracking. However,
such load-distributing reinforcement is necessary only when loadings are heavy,
the underlying soil is not dependable, or when cracking must be minimized as in
water tanks.
Curing Concrete
Concrete will set in
three days but the chemical reaction between water and cement continues much
longer. If the water disappears through evaporation, the chemical reaction will
stop. It is therefore very important to keep the concrete wet (damp) for at
least 7 days.
Premature drying out may
also result in cracking due to shrinkage. During curing the strength and
impermeability increases and the surface hardens against abrasion. Watering of
the concrete should start as soon as the surface is hard enough to avoid
damage, but not later than 10 to 12 hours after casting. Covering the concrete
with sacks, grass, hessian, a layer of sand or polythene helps to retain the
moisture and protects the surface from dry winds. This is particularly
important in tropical climates.
Temperature is also an
important factor in curing. For temperatures above 0° C and below 40° C
strength development is a function of temperature and time. At temperatures
above 40°C the stiffening and hardening may be faster than desired and result
in lower strength.
Construction Joints
The casting should be
planned so that the work on a member can be completed before the end of the
day. If cast concrete is left for more than 2 hours it will set so much that
there is no direct continuation between the old and new concrete. Joints are potentially
weak and should be planned where they will effect the strength of the member as
little as possible. Joints should be straight, either vertical or horizontal.
When resuming work, the old surface should be roughened and cleaned and then
treated with a thick mixture of water and cement.
Mixing
Mechanical mixing is the
best way of mixing concrete. Batch mixers with a tilting drum for use on
building sites are available in sizes from 85 to 400 litres. Power for the drum
rotation is supplied by a petrol engine or an electric motor whereas the
tilting of the drum is done manually. The pear-shaped drum has blades inside for
efficient mixing. Mixing should be allowed to proceed for at least 2.5 minutes
after all ingredients have been added. For small scale work in rural areas it
may be difficult and rather expensive to get a mechanical mixer.
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